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　　2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟试题（二）答案解析

　　1.TERM DEFINING

　　1 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

　　2. Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, concerning with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages. Speech sounds may be studied from three distinct but related points of view: articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and acoustic phonetics. Most phoneticians are interested in articulatory phonetics.

　　3. A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added. It can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself, e. g. -graph, come, friendship.

　　4. Categorization refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them

　　5. Subcategorization refers to the process of putting words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntactic characteristics.

　　2. TRUE OR FALSE.

　　TFFTF    FTTFT

　　3. 1 conventional, arbitrary     2 competence, performance

　　3 aspirated, unaspirated      4 relations, categories

　　5 lexical, phrasal           6 noun phrase, WH-word

　　7 situation, linguistic     8. quantity, quality, relation manner

　　9 reflect, linguistic

　　4. 1-5 ABBBA         6-10 CDDAA

　　5.（1） a. The development of the thought system and that of language;

　　b. The relationship between language and thought.

　　（2） a. geographical barriers., the major source of regional variation of language;

　　b. the speakers' loyalty to their native speech;

　　c. the speakers' physical and psychological resistance to change

　　英美概况

　　名词解释

　　1.The Cabinet is a committee which consists of chief ministers of the government appointed by and under the chairmanship of the prime minister. It is the government within the government because the decisions made in the cabinet become those of the sovereign and the government. The cabinet system has been adopted by many countries in the world, especially in the Commonwealth of Nations

　　2.The System of Checks and Balances refers to the balance which is kept among the three branches of the US government: the President, the Congress and the Supreme Court. The US constitution limits the power of each of the three government branches and prevents any one of them from gaining undue power.

　　3.The Civil Service Commission that was set up in 1968 is in charge of the recruitment of all permanent civil servants in the Home Service of the UK and the Foreign Service, which is independent of both ministerial and Parliamental control in selecting the civil sevants who are chosen by examinations.

　　4.The Commonwealth of Nations is a free association of Britain and certain sovereign independent states that used to be the colonies of the British Empire and their dependencies. The British crown is acknowledged by all the members accept theBritish monarch as their head of state and are represented by a governor-general, but others are republics under a president, whilst Malaysia, Lesotho and S waziland have their own rulers. It has no central government. The main chohesive forces are historical ties, trade, finance, defence and the bond of the English language.

　　2.QUESTIONS

　　（1）a. the exclusion of the majority of workers as candidates

　　b. the discouragement of individual opinions and initiatives

　　c. the other parties have little chance to win and form the new cabinet.

　　（2） a. If the candidates of a party for “electors” in a given state receive a majority of the total vote, then the party is entitled to have all the electoral votes for that state, even though a presidential candidate receives only slightly more than electoral votes of that state. This system is known as the “winner-take-all” principle.

　　For example, if New York has 39 electoral votes, it will have to elect 39 electors in the elections. If the poll shows that the Republican candidates for “electors” have received more than one-half of the total vote cast in the New York, then all the “electors” from New York will be Republicans and there will be no Democrats.

　　TRANSLATION

　　什么是重力？

　　假如你把一个球往上抛，它还会掉下来。球为什么会掉下来呢？球掉下来是因为球被吸引或拉向地球。地球对所有物体都施加吸引力。离地球较近的物体所受的吸引力，比远离地球的物体所受的吸引力大。这种吸引力通常叫做重力。作用于地球表面上物体的引力，叫做物体的重量。

　　空间所有的天体，如月球﹑行星和星星，对物体也都有吸引力。物体越大﹑越重，其引力也就越大。既然月球比地球小，因此，月球对月球表面上一物体施加的力，将比地球对地球表面上同一物体施加的力要小。实际上，月球的引力只有地球引力的六分之一。这就是说，地球上一个重120公斤的物体，在月球上会只重20公斤。因此，在月球上你能举起的重量，将是你在地球上所能举起的最大重量的六倍。

　　地球的引力或拉力，使我们和地球上别的任何东西都不致漂浮到空间中。要飞向空间并到月球或其他行星去旅游，就必须克服地球的引力。

　　MYSTERY OF TIME

　　If you can read a clock, you can know the time of day. But no one knows what time itself is. We cannot see it. We cannot touch it. We cannot hear it. We know it only by the way we mark its passing. For all our success in measuring the tiniest parts of time, time remains one of the great mysteries of the universe.

　　One way of thinking about time is to imagine a world without time. Then there could be no movement, because time and movement cannot be separated. A world without time could exist only as long as there were no changes. For time and change are linked. When something changes, you know time has passed. In the real world, changes never stop. Some changes happen only once in a while, like an eclipse of the moon. Others happen repeatedly, like the rising and setting of the sun. People have always noted natural events that repeat themselves. When people began to count such events, they began to measure time.